Materi Direct Indirect Speech (present)

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH (PRESENT)

PENGERTIAN

a) Direct Speech

Direct Speech merupakan kalimat langsung yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh sang pembicara dimana di dalam tulisannya Direct Speech menggunakan tanda petik dua (apostrophe) di awal dan di akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana di dalam teks percakapan. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

Rita says to me: “You are the best friend that I have ever had in my life!”
Rita berkata kepada saya: “Kamu adalah teman terbaik yang pernah saya miliki di hidup saya!”

b) Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech merupakan kalimat tidak langsung yang diutarakan atau diucapkan baik oleh orang lain atau pun oleh dirinya sendiri dan bentuknya tidak sama dengan kalimat langsung. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

Rita says to me that I am the best friend that she had ever had in her life.
Rita berkata kepada saya bahwa saya adalah teman terbaik yang pernah dia miliki di hidupnya.

Kalimat Direct dan Indirect masing – masing memiliki induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat disebut dengan introduce phrase dan berwarna ungu pada contoh di atas. Sedangkan anak kalimat disebut dengan reported words dan berwarna merah pada contoh di atas.

Aturan dalam Penulisan Direct dan Indirect Speech

Perubahan kalimat langsung (direct speech) ke dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech) dalam penulisannya terdapat beberapa aturan sebagai berikut:

1.  Tenses

Hal pertama yang berubah dari Direct Speech menjadi Indirect Speech yaitu tenses seperti tabel di bawah ini:

No.	Direct	Indirect
1.	Simple Present	Simple Past
2.	Present Continous	Past Continous
3.	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
4.	Present Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
5.	Simple Past	Past Perfect
6.	Past Continous	Past Continous
7.	Past Perfect	Past Perfect
8.	Past Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
9.	Simple Future	Past Future
10.	Future Continous	Past Future Continous
11.	Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
12.	Future Perfect Continous	Past Future Perfect Continous

2.  Time and Place

Selain tenses, keterangan waktu dan tempat juga ikut berubah dalam kalimat Direct menjadi kalimat Indirect. Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini:

No.	Direct	Indirect
1.	Yesterday	The day before
2.	Now	Then
3.	Tonight	That night
4.	Today	That day
5.	Tomorrow	The day after / the following day
6.	Next week	A week after / the following week
7.	Here	There
8.	This	That
9.	These	Those

Note:

Kita boleh menggunakan Present Tense atau Past Tense jika kebenarannya masih terjadi hingga saat ini. Contoh:

“My name is Aiden,” he said. Maka bentuk Indirect nya yaitu: He said his name was Aiden, atau He said his name is Aiden.

3. Bentuk Kalimat

Selain hal – hal yang disebutkan di atas, bentuk kalimat juga mempengaruhi perubahan kalimat Direct ke kalimat Indirect.

1).  Statement (Kalimat pernyataan)

Dalam kalimat langsung (direct speech), kata yang dipakai dalam induk kalimat (introduce phrase) tidak hanya said dan told saja, akan tetapi dapat menggunakan kata – kata seperti suggested, admitted, advised, begged, ordered, promised, replied, agreed, dan lain – lain. Sedangkan dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), perlu ditambahkan kata “that” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dengan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech

Anna suggested Rio: “I think you have to come to your girlfriend and apologize for what you did to her.”

ü  Indirect Speech

Anna suggested Rio that she thought he had to come to his girlfriend and apologized for what he had done to her.

2).  Command (Kalimat perintah)

Command disini dapat berarti dua hal, yaitu menyuruh dan melarang. Menyuruh dapat berarti melakukan (bersifat positif), sedangkan melarang dapat berarti tidak melakukan (bersifat negatif).

a).  Positif (Menyuruh)

Dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), ditambahkan kata “to” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat.

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
The girl asked me: “Open the window!”

ü  Indirect Speech
The girl asked me to open the window.

b).  Negatif (Melarang)

Dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), ditambahkan kata “not to” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat.

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
Nita told Indah: “Don’t play outside alone!”

ü  Indirect Speech
Nita told Indah not to play outside alone.

3) Question (Kalimat tanya)

Question disini terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu:

a).   Jika pertanyaan menggunakan kata tanya berupa 5W +1 H (what, where, when, who, why, how), maka kata tanya tersebut menjadi penghubung antara induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
He asked me: “When will we go to your house?”

ü  Indirect Speech
He asked me when we would go to my house.

b).   Jika pertanyaan yang jawabannya berupa yes/no, maka ditambahkan “if” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
The teacher asked Doni: “Have you done the assignment?”

ü  Indirect Speech                                                                    
The teacher asked Doni if he had done the assignment.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

Conditional sentence type 3 merupakan kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan untuk mengekpresikan angan-angan yang diharapkan akan terjadi pada masa lampau, namun semua itu tidak terjadi dan tidak mungkin terjadi karena waktunya sudah berlalu. Ini hampir sama dengan conditional type 2. Bedanya, jika type 2 tidak terjadi karena suatu hal 'tidak' dilakukan, maka type 3 karena 'belum' dilakukan. Jika type 2 menggunakan simple past tense dan past future tense, 
maka type 3 menggunakan past perfect tense dan past future perfect tense. 

Misal, pada Jumat lalu kita berencana ingin memperbaiki computer kita, namun pd waktu itu kita 'belum' cukup uang, maka conditional type inilah yang digunakan.

• I would have repaired my computer on Friday if I had had enough money (Aku bakal sudah memperbaiki laptopku Jumat lalu seandainya aku sudah punya cukup uang
• Faktanya: I didn't have enough money, so I didn't repair on Friday (Aku tidak punya cukup uang jd tak memperbaiki pd hari Jumat)

Rumus 1, independent clause di depan:

• past future perfect tense. + if + past perfect tense

Rumus 2, independent clause di belakang, ini hanya membalik posisi saja:

• if + past perfect tense + coma (,) + past future perfect tense.

Untuk rumus fakta menggunakan simple past tense dimana jika kalimat conditionalnya berbentuk positive maka faktanya berbentuk negative dan begitu juga sebaliknya. Namun aturan itu tidak harus. Kita bisa membuatnya tetap dalam struktur positive yaitu dgn menggunakan lawan kata / antonym dari kata yang diconditionalkan tersebut. Contoh nanti bisa dilihat di paling bawah.

Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 3

1. Suneo would have gone with Giant if he had waken up (Suneo bakal sudah pergi dgn Giant seandainya dia sudah bangun)
Faktanya: he didn't wake up, so he didn't go with Giant (dia tdk bangun, jadi dia tdk pergi dgn Giant)

2. I would have watched the movie if I'd bought a TV (aku bakal sudah menonton film itu seandainya sudah membeli TV)
Faktanya: I didn't buy a TV, so I didn't watch the movie (aku tak membeli TV, jadi aku tak nonton film itu)

3. She wouldn't have come if I hadn't called her (dia belum bakal datang kalau aku belum menelfonnya)
Faktanya: I called her, so she came (aku menelfonnya, jadi dia datang)

4. Would you have sent the file to me if I hadn't asked you? (apakah kamu bakal sudah mengirim file itu ke aku seandainya aku belum memintamu?)
Faktanya: I asked you, so you sent the file to me (aku memintamu, jadi kamu mengirimkan file itu ke aku)

5. I would have brought that bicycle if I'd paid for it (aku bakal sudah membawa sepeda itu seandainya aku sudah membayarnya)
Faktanya: I didn't pay that bicycle, so I didn't bring it (aku tdk membayar sepeda itu, jadi aku tak membawanya)

6. Sopo wouldn't have met Haji Udin if Jarwo hadn't forced him (Sopo belum bakal menemui Haji Udin jika Jarwo belum memaksanya)
Faktanya: Jarwo forced Sopo, so he met Haji Udin (Sopo memaksa Jarwo, jadi dia menemui Haji Udin)

7. Their relationship wouldn't have been declared by Ahmad if Mayang hadn't allowed (hubungan mereka belum bakal Ahmad umumkan jika Mayang belum mengizinkan)
Faktanya: Mayang allowed, so it was declared by Ahmad (Mayang mengizinkan, jadi itu diumumkan Ahmad)

8. They might have taken your peanuts if you hadn't put it into your bag (mereka mungkin sudah mengambil kacangmu seandainya kamu belum memasukannya ke dalam tasmu)
Faktanya: you put your peanuts, so they didn't take it (kamu memasukkan kacangmu, jadi mereka tak mengambilnya)

9. Mamat would have felled your mango tree if you hadn't come (Mamat bakal sudah menebang pohon manggamu seandainya kamu belum datang)
Faktanya: you came so he didn't fell your mango tree (kamu datang, jadi dia tak menebang pohon manggamu)

10. The supporters would have broken my car up if I hadn't taken it away from that place (para suporter bakal sudah merusak mobilku seandainya aku belum membawanya pergi dari tempat itu)
Faktanya: I took my car away, so they didn't break it (aku membawa mobilku pergi, jadi mereka tak merusaknya)

11. If you'd slept, I would have left you (seandainya kamu sudah tidur, aku bakal sudah meninggalkanmu)
Faktanya: you didn't sleep, so I didn't leave you (kamu tak tidur, jadi aku tak meninggalkanmu)

12. If she'd married, she might have had a baby (seandainya dia sudah menikah, mungkin dia sudah punya seorang bayi)
Faktanya: she didn't marry, so she didn't have a baby (dia tak menikah, jadi dia tak punya bayi)

13. If you'd been able to drive, would you have driven my car? (seandainya kamu sudah bisa menyetir, akankah kamu sudah menyetir mobilku?)
Faktanya: you weren't able to drive, so you didn't drive my car (kamu tak bisa menyetir, jadi kamu tak menyetir mobilku)

14. If her proposal had been approved by her advisor, she would have been cheerful (seandainya proposalnya sudah disetujui dosen pembimbingnya, dia bakal sudah riang gembira)
Faktanya: her proposal wasn't approved, so she wasn't cheerful (proposalnya tak disetujui, jadi dia tak riang gembira)

15. If you'd been at there, I would have given that book for you (seandainya kamu sudah di sana, aku bakal sudah memberikan buku itu untukmu)
Faktanya: you weren't at there, so I didn't give that book (kamu tak di sana, jadi aku tak memberikan buku itu)

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. In English, there is a particular group of indefinite pronouns formed with a quantifier or distributive preceeded by any, some, every and no.

	Person	Place
All	everyone everybody	everywhere	everything
Part (positive)	someone somebody	somewhere	something
Part (negative)	anyone anybody	anywhere	anything
None	no one nobody	nowhere	nothing

Indefinite pronouns with  some and any are used to describe indefinite and incomplete quantities in the same way that some and any are used alone.

Indefinite pronouns are placed in the same location as a noun would go in the sentence.

Noun	Indefinite pronoun
I would like to go to Paris this summer.	I would like to go somewhere this summer.
Jim gave me this book.	Someone gave me this book.
I won't tell your secret to Sam.	I won't tell your secret to anyone.
I bought my school supplies at the mall.	I bought everything at the mall.

positive sentences

In affirmative sentences, indefinite pronouns using some are used to describe an indefinite quantity, the indefinite pronouns with every are used to describe a complete quantity, and the pronouns with no are used to describe an absence. Indefinite pronouns with no are often used in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning, but these are nevertheless not negative sentences because they are lacking the word not.

EXAMPLES

• Someone is sleeping in my bed.
• No one is sleeping in my bed.
• He saw something in the garden.
• There is nothing to eat.
• Keith is looking for somewhere to live.
• There is nowhere as beautiful as Paris.

Any and the indefinite pronouns formed with it can also be used in affirmative sentences with a meaning that is close to every: whichever person, whichever place, whichever thing, etc.

EXAMPLES

• They can choose anything from the menu.
• You may invite anybody you want to your birthday party.
• We can go anywhere you'd like this summer.
• He would give anything to get into Oxford.
• Fido would follow you anywhere.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Negative sentences can only be formed with the indefinite pronouns that include any.

EXAMPLES

• I don't have anything to eat.
• She didn't go anywhere last week.
• I can't find anyone to come with me.

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Indefinite pronouns with every, some, and any can be used to form negative questions. These questions can usually be answered with a "yes" or a "no"

Pronouns formed with any and every are used to form true questions, while those with some generally imply a question to which we already know or suspect the answer.

EXAMPLES                                    

• Is there anything to eat?
• Did you go anywhere last night?
• Is everyone here?
• Have you looked everywhere?

These questions can be turned in to false or rhetorical questions by making them negative. The speaker, when posing a question of this type, is expecting an answer of "no".

EXAMPLES              

• Isn't there anything to eat?
• Didn't you go anywhere last night?
• Isn't everyone here?
• Haven't you looked everywhere?

Some and pronouns formed with it is only used in questions to which we think we already know the answer, or questions which are not true questions (invitations, requests, etc.) The person asking these questions is expecting an answer of "Yes".

EXAMPLES

• Are you looking for someone?
• Have you lost something?
• Are you going somewhere?
• Could somebody help me, please? = request
• Would you like to go somewhere this weekend? = invitation

These questions can be made even more definite if they are made negative. In this case, the speaker is absolutely certain he will receive the answer "Yes".

EXAMPLES

• Aren't you looking for someone?
• Haven't you lost something?
• Aren't you going somewhere?
• Couldn't somebody help me, please?
• Wouldn't you like to go somewhere this weekend?